| 665 | 0 | 129 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
【目的】短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺(PN/A)因其节省曝气和外碳源投加，非常符合“双碳”背景下污水处理厂提质增效需求，近年来在高氨氮废水处理领域得到了越来越广泛的关注和应用，但其仍面临适用水质范围较窄等挑战，为进一步提高PN/A工艺处理效能、拓展其适用性，对现有研究文献及工程案例进行全面梳理、分析和总结。【方法】采用系统分析的方法，在阐明PN/A工艺反应机理、主要功能菌群及其相互关系的基础上，对温度、溶解氧、曝气强度和有机物浓度等影响PN/A工艺处理效能的关键因素进行了系统梳理，对其影响作用规律进行了详尽分析；结合对PN/A工艺反应器类型的对比分析，总结综述了PN/A工艺在不同类型废水处理中的应用；并结合对PN/A工艺现状问题的深入解析，提出了PN/A工艺的未来发展方向及改进策略。【结果】研究指出，通过对PN/A工艺的影响因素、作用机理以及工艺应用现状进行分析，发现目前PN/A工艺在传统高氨氮废水处理中表现出良好的适应性和优势，但在低温低氨氮废水处理中，PN/A工艺仍然面临NO~-2-N供应不稳定和AnAOB生长活性低等主要挑战，需要进一步的研究解决。【结论】未来的研究需要结合工艺参数优化策略和新型反应器的开发，深入探讨在低温条件下处理高氨氮废水和主流城市废水脱氮的方法，以期拓宽PN/A工艺在水质处理方面的适用范围，并为广泛的工程应用提供参考。
Abstract：[Objective]The partial nitrification-anammox(PN/A) process, with its significant advantages in aeration energy savings and external carbon source input, closely aligns with the requirements of quality and efficiency improvement of wastewater treatment plants in the context of “dual-carbon” goals. In recent years, it has garnered increasing attention and applications in the treatment of high-ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. However, it still faces challenges such as limited applicability to various water qualities. To further improve the treatment performance of the PN/A process and expand its applicability, comprehensive review, analysis, and summary of existing research literature and engineering cases are conducted.[Methods]Using systematic analytical method, the reaction mechanisms, main functional microbial communities, and their interactions in the PN/A process are clarified. Based on this, the key factors influencing the treatment performance of the PN/A process, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, aeration intensity, and organic matter concentration, are systematically reviewed, and a detailed analysis of their influence patterns is conducted. Combined with a comparative analysis of reactor types used in the PN/A process, the applications of PN/A in different wastewater treatments are summarized. Furthermore, based on an in-depth analysis of current issues in the PN/A process, future development directions and improvement strategies are proposed.[Results]It is found that PN/A technology exhibits good adaptability and advantages in treating traditional high-ammonia-nitrogen wastewater through the analysis of the influencing factors, mechanisms, and current application status of the PN/A process. However, in the treatment of low-temperature and low-ammonia-nitrogen wastewater, the PN/A process still faces major challenges such as unstable NO~-2-N supply and low growth activity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AnAOB), requiring further research.[Conclusion]Future research should combine process parameter optimization strategies with the development of new reactors, delving into method for treating high-ammonia-nitrogen wastewater and mainstream municipal wastewater nitrogen removal under low-temperature conditions. This aims to expand the applicability of the PN/A process in water quality treatment and provide references for broader engineering applications.
[1] 王凡，陆明羽，殷记强，等.反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能[J].环境科学，2018,39(8):3782-3788.WANG F,LU M Y,YIN J Q,et al.Treatment of old landfill leachate via a denitrification-partial nitritation-ANAMMOX process[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(8):3782-3788.
[2] AHN Y H.Sustainable nitrogen elimination biotechnologies:A review[J].Process Biochemistry,2006,41(8):1709-1721.
[3] 马斌.城市污水连续流短程硝化厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺与技术[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2012.MA B.Nitritation and Anammox Achieved in Continous Reactors Treating Sewage[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2012.
[4] 李伟，李祥，袁砚，等.工程规模下基于能源回收的自养/异养生物脱氮性能对比分析[J/OL].中国环境科学，2024,1-11.[2024-11-28].https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn 1000-6923.20240621.012.LI W,LI X,YUAN Y,et al.Comparative analysis of nitrogen removal performance of autotrophic/heterotrophic organisms based on energy recovery at full-scale[J/OL].China Environmental Science,2024,1-11.[2024-11-28].https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20240621.012.
[5] 韩晓宇，常江，孟春霖，等.短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化一步法自养脱氮中试研究[J].中国给水排水，2014,30(19):1-5.HAN X Y,CHANG J,MENG C L,et al.Single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial nitrification and anammox[J].China Water & Wastewater,2014,30(19):1-5.
[6] CAO Y S,VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M,DAIGGER G T.Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox in municipal wastewater treatment:Status,bottlenecks,and further studies[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(4):1365-1383.
[7] CAO S B,DU R,NIU M,et al.Integrated anaerobic ammonium oxidization with partial denitrification process for advanced nitrogen removal from high-strength wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,221:37-46.
[8] DU R,PENG Y Z,CAO S B,et al.Advanced nitrogen removal from wastewater by combining anammox with partial denitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,179:497-504.
[9] GRUNDITZ C,DALHAMMAR G.Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of nitrosomonas and nitrobacter[J].Water Research,2001,35(2):433-440.
[10] EGLI K,FANGER U,ALVAREZ P J J,et al.Enrichment and characterization of an anammox bacterium from a rotating biological contactor treating ammonium-rich leachate[J].Archives of Microbiology,2001,175(3):198-207.
[11] WANG H,DAI X H,HUA Y,et al.Response of partial nitritation-anammox process to substrate concentration and temperature variations in a single-stage airlift circulation system:Performance and microbial community dynamics[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2023,455:140735.
[12] 王亚宜，黎力，马骁，等.厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺[J].环境科学学报，2014,34(6):1362-1374.WANG Y Y,LI L,MA X,et al.Bio-characteristics of anammox bacteria and CANON anammox process[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(6):1362-1374.
[13] HAO X D,HEIJNEN J J,VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M.Model-based evaluation of temperature and inflow variations on a partial nitrification-ANAMMOX biofilm process[J].Water Research,2002,36(19):4839-4849.
[14] DOSTA J,FERNÁNDEZ I,VÁZQUEZ-PADÍN J R,et al.Short-and long-term effects of temperature on the Anammox process[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1/2/3):688-693.
[15] 邓玉坤，张大超，赵杰俊，等.短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在脱氮领域的研究进展[J].环境污染与防治，2022,44(2):251-256.DENG Y K,ZHANG D C,ZHAO J J,et al.Research progress of partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonia oxidation combination process in the field of denitrification[J].Environmental Pollution & Control,2022,44(2):251-256.
[16] 古亚东，殷皓，张辉，等.污水处理厂短程硝化影响因素分析及效果评估[J].中国环保产业，2023(3):39-44.GU Y D,YIN H,ZHANG H,et al.Influencing factor analysis and effect evaluation of short-cut nitrification in a sewage treatment plant[J].China Environmental Protection Industry,2023(3):39-44.
[17] 姜金凤，王凯，袁书垚.低温条件下维持短程硝化稳定运行的影响因素研究[J].科技风，2021(36):196-198.JIANG J F,WANG K,YUAN S Y.Study on the influencing factors of maintaining the stable operation of short-range nitrification under low temperature conditions[J].Technology Wind,2021(36):196-198.
[18] 王卿，张舒燕，张伟光，等.温度对高溶解氧生物膜反应器短程硝化的影响[J].水处理技术，2020,46(12):104-108.WANG Q,ZHANG S Y,ZHANG W G,et al.Effect of temperature on partial nitrification in biofilm reactor under high dissolved oxygen[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2020,46(12):104-108.
[19] 王伟，李柏林，汪月，等.阶梯式降温对半短程硝化效能及菌群结构的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报，2020,36(6):819-824.WANG W,LI B L,WANG Y,et al.Effect of step cooling on the efficiency and functional flora structure of a half partial nitrification system[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2020,36(6):819-824.
[20] YANG J C,ZHANG L,HIRA D,et al.High-rate nitrogen removal by the Anammox process at ambient temperature[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(2):672-676.
[21] 张彦江，姚俊芹.常温下UASB反应器厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮试验[J].安徽农业科学，2018,46(12):81-83.ZHANG Y J,YAO J Q.Anaerobic ammonia oxidation biological nitrogen removal in UASB reactor at room temperature[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(12):81-83.
[22] STROUS M,KUENEN J G,JETTEN M S.Key physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3248-3250.
[23] 袁忠玲，秦彦荣，张民安，等.曝气参数对短程硝化的影响及氮素等高线分析[J].中国环境科学，2021,41(2):650-659.YUAN Z L,QIN Y R,ZHANG M A.Influence of aeration parameters on the realization of stable short-cut nitrification and the analysis of nitrogen contour[J].China Environmental Science,2021,41(2):650-659.
[24] 吴春英，葛及，白鹭，等.溶解氧和游离氨对短程硝化启动的影响及调控[J].水处理技术，2022,48(12):99-102.WU C Y,GE J,BAI L,et al.Effects and control of dissolved oxygen and free ammonia on the start-up of shortcut nitrification[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2022,48(12):99-102.
[25] DAWAS A,ABU-SALIH S,SABBAH I,et al.Controlling nitritation in a continuous split-feed/aeration biofilm nitrifying bioreactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2019,288:121599.
[26] XU Z Z,ZHANG L,GAO X J,et al.Optimization of the intermittent aeration to improve the stability and flexibility of a mainstream hybrid partial nitrification-anammox system[J].Chemosphere,2020,261:127670.
[27] 雷勇飞，杨昌炜，彭正华，等.有机碳源对短程硝化系统的影响及综合调控[J].环境工程学报，2021,15(9):3088-3100.LEI Y F,YANG C W,PENG Z H,et al.Effect of organic carbon source on the performance of partial nitrification system and its comprehensive regulation[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2021,15(9):3088-3100.
[28] ANJALI G,SABUMON P C.Unprecedented development of anammox in presence of organic carbon using seed biomass from a tannery Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP)[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,153:30-38.
[29] ANTHONISEN A C,LOEHR R C,PRAKASAM T B,et al.Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid[J].Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation),1976:835-852.
[30] BAE W,BAEK S,CHUNG J,et al.Optimal operational factors for nitrite accumulation in batch reactors[J].Biodegradation,2001,12(5):359-366.
[31] WANG Z,PENG Y Z,MIAO L,et al.Continuous-flow combined process of nitritation and ANAMMOX for treatment of landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,214:514-519.
[32] XIA Q Q,SHANG W,ZHENG X C,et al.Effect of aeration on low-substrate CANON process[J].Water Science and Engineering,2024,17(3):292-299.
[33] KUMAR SINGH N,SINGH J,BHATIA A,et al.A pilot-scale study on PVA gel beads based integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) plant for municipal wastewater treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,2016,73(1):113-123.
[34] ZHU Z,ZHANG L Y,LI X Y,et al.Robust nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater by partial nitrification anammox at ultra-low dissolved oxygen in a pure biofilm system[J].Bioresource Technology,2023,369:128453.
[35] ZHANG Y,LI J Y,CHEN Y X,et al.Rapid start-up and stable operation of pilot scale denitrification-partial nitritation/anammox process for treating electroplating tail wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2024,409:131192.
[36] ZHANG D,WANG G P,DAI X H.Operation of pilot-scale nitrification-anammox reactors for the treatment of reject-water produced from the anaerobic digestion of thermal hydrolysis-treated sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2020,314:123717.
[37] SILVEIRA N C,OLIVEIRA G H D,DAMIANOVIC M H R Z,et al.Two-stage partial nitrification-Anammox process for nitrogen removal from slaughterhouse wastewater:Evaluation of the nitrogen loading rate and microbial community analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2021,296:113214.
[38] 郭凯成，刘文如，宋家俊，等.短程硝化的影响因素及其耦合工艺的研究进展[J].工业水处理，2022,42(4):46-56.GUO K C,LIU W R,SONG J J,et al.Research progress on influencing factors of partial nitrification and its coupling process[J].Industrial Water Treatment,2022,42(4):46-56.
[39] LIU T,LI D,ZENG H P,et al.Microbial characteristics of a CANON reactor during the start-up period seeding conventional activated sludge[J].Water Science and Technology,2013,67(3):635-643.
[40] DENG Y,ZHANGX,MIAO Y,HU B,et al.Exploration of rapid start-up of the CANON process from activated sludge inoculum in a sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR)[J].Water Science and Technology,73(3):535-544.
[41] WETT B,PODMIRSEG S M,GÓMEZ-BRANDÓN M,et al.Expanding DEMON sidestream deammonification technology towards mainstream application[J].Water Environment Research,2015,87(12):2084-2089.
[42] NHU HIEN N,VAN TUAN D,NHAT P T,et al.Application of Oxygen Limited Autotrophic Nitritation/Denitrification (OLAND) for anaerobic latex processing wastewater treatment[J].International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation,2017,124:45-55.
[43] 陈加波，周鑫，张泽乾，等.一体化厌氧氨氧化工艺研究进展[J].中国给水排水，2024,40(2):18-25.CHEN J B,ZHOU X,ZHANG Z Q,et al.Research advances of integrated anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)processes:A review[J].China Water & Wastewater,2024,40(2):18-25.
[44] 张倩倩，廖祖刚，冯泽通，等.Fe(Ⅱ)对CANON工艺处理城镇污水脱氮性能的影响[J].安全与环境工程，2024,31(2):291-300.ZHANG Q Q,LIAO Z G,FENG Z T,et al.Insights into the effects of ferrous ions on nitrogen removal performance of CANON process with synthetic mainstream wastewater treatment[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2024,31(2):291-300.
[45] LIU J X,ZHANG J N,HUANG Y,et al.Nitrogen removal and performance deterioration in digested effluent treatment by partial nitrification-anammox (PNA) process based on aeration sedimentation integrated microaerobic reactor (ASIMR)[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2024,481:148310.
[46] WANG C,LIU L F,ZHANG S J,et al.One-stage partial nitrification/anammox system with short sludge retention time and low mixed liquor suspended solids long-term control:Establishment,performance and sludge characteristics[J].Science of the Total Environment,2023,892:164498.
[47] PÉREZ J,LOTTI T,KLEEREBEZEM R,et al.Outcompeting nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in single-stage nitrogen removal in sewage treatment plants:A model-based study[J].Water Research,2014,66:208-218.
[48] VLAEMINCK S E,DE CLIPPELEIR H,VERSTRAETE W.Microbial resource management of one-stage partial nitritation/anammox[J].Microbial Biotechnology,2012,5(3):433-448.
[49] 操沈彬，王淑莹，吴程程，等.有机物对厌氧氨氧化系统的冲击影响[J].中国环境科学，2013,33(12):2164-2169.CAO S B,WANG S Y,WU C C,et al.Shock effect of organic matters on anaerobic ammonia oxidation system[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(12):2164-2169.
[50] ISANTA E,REINO C,CARRERA J,et al.Stable partial nitritation for low-strength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor[J].Water Research,2015,80:149-158.
[51] 姜怡名.城市污水短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化高效脱氮工艺研究[D].青岛：青岛理工大学，2022.JIANG Y M.Achieving Efficient Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater via Partial Nitrification/Anammox Process[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University of Technology,2022.
[52] YAN Y,LIANG H R,WANG Z Z,et al.Attaining superior nitrogen removal from integrated mature landfill leachate and kitchen waste digestion liquid via a two-stage partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) process[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2024,480:148352.
[53] WANG J W,ZHANG S,LI J,et al.Municipal wastewater treatment via the two-stage partial nitrification-anammox (PN/A) process with gel immobilization[J].Journal of Water Process Engineering,2022,50:103267.
[54] YAN Y,LI X Y,REN S,et al.Efficient nitrogen removal and robustness enhancement of a two-stage partial nitrification-anammox (PN/A) process with low sludge concentration for mature landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2023,387:129573.
[55] WU L N,YIN J,ZHANG Y L,et al.Nitrogen removal and carbon reduction of mature landfill leachate under extremely low dissolved oxygen conditions by simultaneous partial nitrification anammox and denitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2024,401:130704.
[56] HE X J,SHI S H,CAO M,et al.Achieving intensified nitrogen removal and vivianite recovery from sludge digester liquor in two-stage partial nitrification-electrolysis anammox system[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2023,474:145841.
[57] PARK J,SONG M S,HWANG K,et al.Start-up strategy of single-stage partial nitrification-anammox process for anaerobic digestion effluent[J].Bioresource Technology,2024,408:131213.
[58] CHI Y L,SHI X,JIN P K,et al.Enhanced nitrogen removal by partial nitrification-anammox process with a novel high-frequency micro-aeration (HFMA) mode:Metabolic interactions among functional bacteria[J].Bioresource Technology,2021,342:125917.
[59] XIAO H K,PENG Y Z,ZHANG Q,et al.Pre-anaerobic treatment enhanced partial nitrification start-up coupled with anammox for advanced nitrogen removal from low C/N domestic wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2021,337:125434.
[60] 徐雪，孟庆杰，张小寒，等.垃圾渗滤液短程硝化快速启动研究[J].广东化工，2022,49(18):116-119.XU X,MENG Q J,ZHANG X H,et al.Study on the rapid start-up of partial nitrification using actual landfill leachate[J].Guangdong Chemical Industry,2022,49(18):116-119.
[61] REN S,YANG P,ZHANG F Z,et al.Continuous plug-flow anammox system for mature landfill leachate treatment:Key zone for anammox pathway[J].Bioresource Technology,2022,363:127865.
[62] REN S,WANG Z,JIANG H,et al.Efficient nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachate in a step feed continuous plug-flow system based on one-stage anammox process[J].Bioresource Technology,2022,347:126676.
[63] CHENG L,YANG W B,LIANG H,et al.Nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachate through enhanced Partial Nitrification-Anammox process in an innovative multi-stage fixed biofilm reactor[J].Science of the Total Environment,2023,877:162959.
[64] WANG Z H,ZHANG L,ZENG W,et al.A loading rate switch strategy for stable nitritation in mainstream municipal wastewater[J].Nature Sustainability,2024,7(3):305-314.
[65] LI J P,LI J L,WANG B,et al.Stable enhanced nitrogen removal from low COD/N municipal wastewater via partial nitrification-anammox in the traditional continuous anoxic/oxic process through bio-augmentation of partial nitrification sludge under decreasing temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2022,363:127953.
[66] GUO K H,LI D,HAO T Y,et al.Potential directions for future development of mainstream partial nitrification-anammox processes:Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea as novel functional microorganisms providing nitrite[J].Bioresource Technology,2024,399:130605.
[67] XU Y,XU Y,LI T,et al.Two-step partial nitrification-anammox process for treating thermal-hydrolysis anaerobic digester effluent:Start-up and microbial characterisation[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,252:119784.
[68] 王娜，秦凯凯，姚雪薇，等.两段式MBBR亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理污泥消化液[J].中国给水排水，2024,40(13):61-67.WANG N,QIN K K,YAO X W,et al.Two-stage MBBR of partial nitritation-ANAMMOX for treatment of thermal-hydrolysis anaerobic digester effluent[J].China Water & Wastewater,2024,40(13):61-67.
[69] VALENZUELA-HEREDIA D,PANATT C,BELMONTE M,et al.Performance of a two-stage partial nitritation-anammox system treating the supernatant of a sludge anaerobic digester pretreated by a thermal hydrolysis process[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,429:131301.
[70] WU Y J,WENG T Y,YEH T Y,et al.Nitrogen removal strategy for real swine wastewater by combining partial nitrification-denitrification process with anammox[J].Chemosphere,2024,364:143116.
[71] 吴芳芳，洪泳森，林皓，等.短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺处理奶牛场废水工程实例[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医，2021(20):29-33.WU F F,HONG Y S,LIN H,et al.An engineering example of the treatment of dairy farm wastewater by the coupled process of partial nitrification-ANAMMOX[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2021(20):29-33.
[72] WU H Y,BAI X L,LI L,et al.Two-stage partial nitrification-denitrification and anammox process for nitrogen removal in vacuum collected toilet wastewater at ambient temperature[J].Environmental Research,2024,262:119917.
基本信息:
DOI：10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2025.12.011
中图分类号:X703
引用信息:
[1]王众,齐文昊,张守彬,等.短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺影响因素和研究进展[J].水利水电技术(中英文),2025,56(12):138-149.DOI:10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2025.12.011.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52200063); 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023ME143); 生态环境部土壤与农业农村生态环境监管技术中心青年科技创新基金项目(QKC2024010)