尚子琦,王树芳,吴芮欣,崔一娇,刘宗明,李启云,高梓健,王旭,杜旋,刘鑫

• 1:北京市地质环境监测所
• 2:北京市地质矿产勘查院
• 3:北京市生态地质研究所

摘要(Abstract)：

【目的】新水情背景下北京地下水位持续上升且已处于历史高位，威胁城市安全，极端降水加速了地下水位上升，急需探究浅层地下水对极端降水事件的响应机制，评估水位上升对城市韧性的影响，探索地下水调控策略。【方法】以2021年和2023年两个极端降水事件发生年为例，计算了极端降水百分位阈值，分析了多年平均(1983—2023年)、2021年、2023年降水时空分布特征。利用研究区360个浅层地下水位监测井数据，定量分析了极丰水年浅层地下水位对极端降水的响应过程。【结果】结果显示：(1)北京市近40年平均、2021年和2023年降水量依次为564.9 mm、864.5 mm和690.0 mm,降水主要集中在6—9月，其中2021年为近40年最大降水年。(2)北京地区20个典型气象站中，2021年和2023年极端降水的95%阈值依次为23.0～56.6 mm和19.3～89.7 mm,年内极端降水日数依次为4～6天和3～5天，年极端降水贡献率分别介于35.5%～56.7%和28.1%～67.1%,极端降水强度依次为45.3～123.1 mm·d~(-1)和25.8～217.8 mm·d~(-1),年内日最大降水量依次为48.4～223.3 mm和37.9～306.8 mm。(3)对比2021年和2023年丰-枯水期地下水位，水位升幅普遍介于0～5 m,年内最大升幅超过15 m。(4)城区地下水位埋深普遍小于20 m,部分地铁线路出现渗漏，西部雨洪调蓄工程下渗能力大幅降低。【结论】地表渗透性差异决定了山前地区比东部、南部平原区更易接受大气降水补给，但是不同降雨类型对地下水的补给效果不同，长期持续性降水对地下水的补给效果优于短时强降水。高水位影响了地铁、地下建筑和城市防洪工程的正常运行，加之地下水补给快、排泄慢，如果叠加极端降水的补给，会对城市韧性带来极大挑战，所以必须根据地下水补给和排泄特点，考虑极端降水对地下水的影响，制定科学合理的韧性城市建设规划。

关键词(KeyWords)： 极端降水;地下水位升高;韧性城市;水位调控;降雨;地下水;气候变化;时空分布

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 北京市科技计划课题(Z251100004525001);北京市科技计划课题(Z221100005222014);; 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41831283);; 北京市自然科学基金青年项目(8234064)

作者(Author): 尚子琦,王树芳,吴芮欣,崔一娇,刘宗明,李启云,高梓健,王旭,杜旋,刘鑫

DOI: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2026.03.005

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