刘玲花,张盼伟,王启文

• 1:中国水利水电科学研究院水环境研究所

摘要(Abstract)：

与城市集中式生活污水处理相比,农村分散式生活污水处理可以采用源分离技术与污水资源回收处理技术相结合的模式,从而有效回收污水中的营养盐、减少排放到环境中的污染物、提高水的循环利用效率。本文提出了三种源分离生活污水,包括尿液,灰水(洗浴、洗衣水等)和粪便。尿液不到家庭废水总量的1%,却含有50%～80%的氮、磷和钾等营养盐以及大部分药物和激素。粪便含有较高的有机物、固体和病原菌,并携带剩余的药物/激素残留物。灰水量最大,但是在三类污水中其营养盐、病原菌的含量最低,但含有洗涤剂和个人护理产品等污染物。提出了两种模式的生活污水源分离及污水处理技术。尿液的最佳处理技术是用鸟粪石沉淀法回收磷,用氨汽提法回收氨氮。黑水的最佳处理方法是厌氧消化;灰水的最佳处理方法是人工湿地和BAF、MBR等好氧生物处理技术。

关键词(KeyWords)： 生活污水处理;源分离;黑水;尿液;灰水

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 中国水利水电科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(WE0145B062017)

作者(Author): 刘玲花,张盼伟,王启文

DOI: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2019.06.027

参考文献(References)：

• [1]KATARZYNA K R,GRIETJE Z.Anaerobic treatment in decentralised and source separation based sanitation concepts[J].Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology,2006,5:115-139.
• [2]郝晓地,衣兰凯,仇付国.源分离技术的国内外研发进展及应用现状[J].中国给水排水,2010,24(2):1-6.
• [3]AYRES R U.Statistical measures of unsustainability[J].Ecological Economics,1996,16(3):239-255.
• [4]RIDDERSTOLPE P.Introduction to grey water management[J].EcoSan Research Publication Series,2004(4):13-24.
• [5]LI F Y,WICHNANN K,OTTERPOHL R.Review of the technological approaches for greywater treatment and reuses[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(11):3439-3449.
• [6]李子夫.生活污水的分类收集与处理系统[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(1):64-65.
• [7]JEFFERSON B,LAINE A,PARSONS S et al. Technologies for domestic wastewater recycling[J].Urban Water,1999(1):285-292.
• [8]LU W Z,LEUNG A Y T.A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuses system[J].Chemosphere,2003,52(9):1451-1459.
• [9]SCHONNING C.Evaluation of microbial health risk associated with the reuse of source separated human urine[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2001(2):534-543.
• [10]GROSS A,SHMUELI O,RONEN Z.Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland(RVFCW)-a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households[J].Chemosphere,2007,66:916-923.
• [11]KIRCHMANN H,PETTERSSON S.Human urine-chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Fertiliser Research 1994,40(2):149-154.
• [12]张弛,徐康宁,苏冯婷,等.国内外源分离排水工程项目概述[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(2):28-33.
• [13]阮久丽,于风,陈洪斌,等.生活污水分类收集处理的探讨[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(8):25-29.
• [14]J(O|¨)NSSON H,STENSTROM T A,SVENSSONJ,et al.Source separated urine-nutrient and heavy metal content,water saving and faecal contamination[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(9):145-152.
• [15]KIRCHMANN H,PETTERSSON S.Human urine-chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Fertilizer Resource,1995,40:149-154.
• [16]VINNERAS B,JONSSON H.The performance and potential of faecal separation and urine diversion to recycle plant nutrients in household wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,84(3):275-282.
• [17]UDERT K M,LARSEN T A,GUJER W.Fate of Major Compounds in Source-Separated Urine[J].Water Science&Technology,2006,54(11):413-420.
• [18]JONSSON H,STENSTROM T A,SVENSSON J,et al. Source separated urine nutrient and heavy metal content,water saving,and fecal contamination[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(9):145-152.
• [19]LARSEN T A,GUJER W.Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions(human urine)[J].Water Science&Technology,1996,34(3-4):87-94.
• [20]WINKER M,FAIKA D,GULYAS H,et al.A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and yellow water[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,399:96-104.
• [21]PARSENS L,SHEIKH B,HOLDEN R,et al. Reclaimed water as an alternative water source for crop irrigation[J].Horticultural Science,2010,45(11):1626-1629.
• [22]郝晓地,周健,张健.源分离生态效应及其资源化技术[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(24):20-27.
• [23]杨艳,张健.源分离:节水与污水资源化的替代方案[J].中国环保产业,2008(4):42-45.
• [24]贾海峰,王军,张健,等.居住区负压源分离系统与传统排水系统的比较[J].中国给水排水,2014,30(11):131-134.
• [25]佘璐,沈翔.污水中磷回收技术的研究进展[J].净水技术,2018,37:48-51.
• [26]RONTELTAP M,MAURER M,GUJER W.Struvite precipitation thermodynamics in source separated urine[J].Water Research,2007,41(5):977-984.
• [27]马璐艳,曹先仲,李咏梅.鸟粪石结晶法从废水中回收磷的研究进展[J].四川环境,2012,31(6):127-132.
• [28]BAAYKAL B B,BAYRAM S,AKKAYMAK E,et al.Removal of ammonium from human urine through ion exchange with clinoptilolite and its recovery for further reuse[J].Water Science and Technolo-gy,2004,50(6):149-156.
• [29]KOCATURK Z P,BAYKAL B B.Recovery of plant nutrients from dilute solutions of human urine and preliminary investigations on pot trials[J].Clean-Soil Air Water,2012,40(5):538-544.
• [30]SIBEL B K,NURSEN I,ILHAN T.Recovery of ammonia from human urine by stripping and absorption[J].Environmental Engineering Science,2007,24(5):615-624.
• [31]BEHRENDT J,AREVALO E,GULYAS H,et al. Production of value added products from separately collected urine[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,46(6-7):341-346.
• [32]张自杰,林荣忱,金儒霖.排水工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
• [33]FENG Y,BEHRENDT J.Implementation of the IWA anaerobic digestion model No.1(ADM1)for simulating digestion of blackwater from vacuum toilet[J].Water Science and Technology,2006,53(9):253-263.
• [34]朱蕾,周磊.粪便与厨余垃圾现场处理技术[J].环境科学,2005,2(65):196-198.
• [35]王捷,张宏伟,贾辉,等.分散式污水处理与再利用技术研究发展[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(20):14-17.
• [36]刘智晓,崔福义,秦姝兰.灰水分离回用的若干关键问题[J].给水排水,2007,33(9):119-123.
• [37]王少勇,陈洪斌.灰水处理与回用进展[J].中国沼气,200725(6):5-24.
• [38]董瑞海,顾宝群,张博雄,等.基于源分离的农村污水生态治理模式与技术[J].南水北调与水利科技,2014,12(6):209-212.
• [39]彭举威,汪诚文,付宏祥,等.分散农村污水处理模式分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2010(1):20-30.